.png)
Acute Febrile Illness
Acute Febrile Illness (AFI) refers to a sudden onset of fever without an immediately identifiable source, often caused by a wide range of infectious agents including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. It is a common clinical presentation in tropical and resource-limited settings, where diseases such as dengue, leptospirosis, and rickettsial infections are prevalent. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential to guide appropriate treatment, reduce complications, and prevent unnecessary use of antimicrobials. Strengthening surveillance and research on AFI helps improve patient management and supports effective public health responses
Abstracts
C Lakmal Fonseka, Ilya Zhbannikov, Rachel Myers, Champika K. Bodinayake, Ajith Nagahawatte, Ruvini Kurukulasooriya, Jack Anderson, Alana Brown, Bradly P. Nicholson, Thomas W. Burke, Micah T. McClain, L. Gayani Tillekeratne, Christopher W. Woods. Performance of a rapid molecular diagnostic platform at differentiating dengue and leptospirosis in a tropical setting. Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) 2025, November 2025
Bodinayake, C.K., Tillekeratne, L.G., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Arachchi, W.K., Ostbye, T., Gubler, D.J., Woods, C.W. and Reller, M.E. (2014). Patient Costs Associated with Healthcare Utilization and Decreased Productivity Due to Undifferentiated Acute Febrile Illness in Southern Sri Lanka. Galle Medical Journal.
Bodinayake, C.K., Tillekeratne, L.G., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Arachchi, W.K., Ostbye, T., Gubler, D.J., Woods, C.W. and Reller, M.E. (2014). Antibiotic use among Dengue and acute undifferentiated fever in Sri Lanka 2012-2013 - Sri Lanka. Galle Medical Journal.
Bodinayake, C.K., Tillekeratne, L.G., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Arachchi, W.K., Vidanagama, D., Ostbye, T., Gubler, D.J., Woods, C.W. and Reller, M.E. (2014). Accuracy of Clinical Diagnosis of Dengue Fever in Southern Sri Lanka. 24th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Barcelona, Spain. 10-13 May 2014.
Bodinayake, C.K., Tillekeratne, L.G., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Arachchi, W.K., Ostbye, T., Gubler, D.J., Woods, C.W. and Reller, M.E. (2014). Epidemiological and clinical characteristic of Dengue during epidemic and non-epidemic periods in southern Sri Lanka- lessons learned from 2007 and 2012-2013, Ruhuna Journal of Medicine, 02(01), pp.55–55.
Bodinayake, C.K., Tillekeratne, L.G., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, I.V., Kodikara Arachchi, W., Ostbye, T., Gubler, D.J., Woods, C.W. and Reller, M.E. (2014). Dengue as a cause of acute undifferentiated fever in southern Sri Lanka. Galle Medical Journal, 19.
Bodinayake, C.K., Tillekeratne, L.G., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Arachchi, W.K., Ostbye, T., Gubler, D.J., Woods, C.W. and Reller, M.E. (2014). Health-related cost and loss of productivity in patients with undifferentiated acute febrile illnesses. Galle Medical Journal, 19(2).
Bodinayake, C.K., Reller, M., Devasiri, V., Nagahawatte, A., Arachchi, W.K. and Wood, C.W. (2011). Paired serology identifies Leptospirosis as a frequent cause of acute febrile illness in southern Sri Lanka. Galle Medical Journal, 16(2).
Bodinayake, C.K., Devasiri, I.V., Nagahawatte, A., Arachchi, W.K., Reller, M.E. and Woods, C.W. (2011). Dengue fever in a large cohort of febrile patients in Southern Sri Lanka. Galle Medical Journal, 16(2).
Manuscripts
C. K. Bodinayake, A. De S. Nagahawatte, W. S. Ranaweera Arachchige, S. C. Sahabandu, A. H. Pushpakumara, P. K. Wijayaratna, B. N. Jayasekera, and L. G. Tillekeratne. Prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients hospitalized with acute febrile illness. Galle Medical Journal: 2024. Volume: 29 Issue: 4, Page/Article: 113-121, DOI: 10.4038/gmj.v29i4.8300,
Bodinayake, C. K., Nagahawatta, S., Ranaweera Arachchige, W. S. S., Sahabandu, S. C., Pushpakumara, A., Wijayarathna, P., Jayasekhara, B., & Thilakarathna, G. (2024). High prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients hospitalized with acute febrile illness in Sri Lanka. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.16.24302924
Neighbors, C. E., Myers, E. R., Weerasinghe, N. P., Wijayaratne, G. B., Bodinayake, C. K., Nagahawatte, A., Tillekeratne, L. G., & Woods, C. W. (2023). Influenza Vaccination Implementation in Sri Lanka: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Vaccines, 11(5), 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050932
Bodinayake, C. K., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Kodikara Arachichi, W., Kurukulasooriya, R., Sheng, T., Nicholson, B. P., Østbye, T., Reller, M., Woods, C. W., & Tillekeratne, L. G. (2023). Comprehensive diagnostic testing identifies diverse aetiologies of acute febrile illness among hospitalised children and adults in Sri Lanka: A prospective cohort study. BMJ Public Health, 1(1), e000073. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000073
Weerasinghe, N.P., Bodinayake, C.K., Wijayaratne, W.M.D.G.B., Devasiri, I.V., Dahanayake, N.J., Kurukulasooriya, M.R.P., Premamali, M., Sheng, T., Nicholson, B.P., Ubeysekera, H.A. and De Silva, A.D., 2022. Direct and indirect costs for hospitalized patients with dengue in Southern Sri Lanka. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), p.657. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08048-5
Bodinayake, C.K., Nagahawatte, A.D., Devasiri, V., Dahanayake, N.J., Wijayaratne, G.B., Weerasinghe, N.P., Premamali, M., Sheng, T., Nicholson, B.P., Ubeysekera, H.A. and Kurukulasooriya, R.M., 2021. Outcomes among children and adults at risk of severe dengue in Sri Lanka: Opportunity for outpatient case management in countries with high disease burden. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(12), p.e0010091. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08048-5
Mutucumarana, C.P., Bodinayake, C.K., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Kurukulasooriya, R., Anuradha, T., De Silva, A.D., Janko, M.M., Østbye, T., Gubler, D.J. and Woods, C.W., 2020. Geospatial analysis of dengue emergence in rural areas in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 114(6), pp.408-414. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08048-5
Bodinayake, C.K., Tillekeratne, L.G., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Kodikara Arachchi, W., Strouse, J.J., Sessions, O.M., Kurukulasooriya, R., Uehara, A., Howe, S. and Ong, X.M., 2018. Evaluation of the WHO 2009 classification for diagnosis of acute dengue in a large cohort of adults and children in Sri Lanka during a dengue-1 epidemic. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 12(2), p.e0006258. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006258
Uehara, A., Tissera, H.A., Bodinayake, C.K., Amarasinghe, A., Nagahawatte, A., Tillekeratne, L.G., Cui, J., Reller, M.E., Palihawadana, P., Gunasena, S. and Desilva, A.D., 2017. Analysis of dengue serotype 4 in Sri Lanka during the 2012–2013 Dengue Epidemic. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 97(1), p.130. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0540
Bodinayake, C.K., Tillekeratne, L.G., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Kodikara Arachichi, W., Strouse, J.J., Sessions, O.M., Kurukulasooriya, R., Uehara, A., Howe, S. and Ong, X.M., 2016. Emergence of epidemic dengue-1 virus in the southern province of Sri Lanka. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 10(10), p.e0004995. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004995
Reller, M.E., Akoroda, U., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Kodikaarachchi, W., Strouse, J.J., Chua, R., Hou, Y.A., Chow, A., Sessions, O.M. and Østbye, T., 2013. Chikungunya as a cause of acute febrile illness in southern Sri Lanka. PloS one, 8(12), p.e82259. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082259
Reller, M.E., Bodinayake, C., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Kodikara-Arachichi, W., Strouse, J.J., Broadwater, A., Østbye, T., de Silva, A. and Woods, C.W., 2012. Unsuspected dengue and acute febrile illness in rural and semi-urban southern Sri Lanka. Emerging infectious diseases, 18(2), p.256. DOI: 10.3201/eid1802.110962
Reller, M.E., Bodinayake, C., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Kodikara-Arachichi, W., Strouse, J.J., Flom, J.E., Østbye, T., Woods, C.W. and Dumler, J.S., 2012. Unsuspected rickettsioses among patients with acute febrile illness, Sri Lanka, 2007. Emerging infectious diseases, 18(5), p.825. DOI: 10.3201/eid1802.110962
Reller, M.E., Bodinayake, C., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Kodikara-Arachichi, W., Strouse, J.J., Flom, J.E., Dumler, J.S. and Woods, C.W., 2011. Leptospirosis as frequent cause of acute febrile illness in southern Sri Lanka. Emerging infectious diseases, 17(9), p.1678. DOI: 10.3201/eid1802.110962
